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GUIrilla-Trees

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The JWT signature verification failed. Check the signing key and the algorithm.
Error code:   JWTInvalidSignature
Exception:    InvalidSignatureError
Message:      Signature verification failed
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/libs/libapi/src/libapi/jwt_token.py", line 286, in validate_jwt
                  decoded = jwt.decode(
                      jwt=token,
                  ...<2 lines>...
                      options=options,
                  )
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jwt.py", line 368, in decode
                  decoded = self.decode_complete(
                      jwt,
                  ...<8 lines>...
                      leeway=leeway,
                  )
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jwt.py", line 265, in decode_complete
                  decoded = self._jws.decode_complete(
                      jwt,
                  ...<3 lines>...
                      detached_payload=detached_payload,
                  )
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jws.py", line 270, in decode_complete
                  self._verify_signature(
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
                      signing_input,
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  ...<4 lines>...
                      options=merged_options,
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                  )
                  ^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.14/site-packages/jwt/api_jws.py", line 417, in _verify_signature
                  raise InvalidSignatureError("Signature verification failed")
              jwt.exceptions.InvalidSignatureError: Signature verification failed

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GUIrilla-Trees

arXiv

Description

GUIrilla MacApp Trees is a large-scale dataset of hierarchical, accessibility-driven representations of macOS applications.

Each tree captures UI states and user interactions across full-desktop environments, providing a structured view of how applications evolve under user actions. Built using the macOS Accessibility API, these trees encode both the semantic structure of UI elements and their transitions over time.

This dataset serves as a reusable structural abstraction of desktop GUI behavior and can be used for:

  • UI understanding and structured representation learning
  • Retrieval and search over application states
  • Automated UI testing and analysis
  • Training and evaluation of desktop agents

Unlike screenshot-only datasets, GUIrilla-Trees exposes the underlying accessibility hierarchy, enabling more precise and semantically grounded modeling of user interfaces.

License

CC-BY-NC-4.0 (see LICENSE).

Citation 

@article{garkot2025guirilla,
  title={GUIrilla: A Scalable Framework for Automated Desktop UI Exploration},
  author={Garkot, Sofiya and Shamrai, Maksym and Synytsia, Ivan and Hirna, Mariya},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.16051},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.16051}
}
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